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This article is about the ancient Egyptian official. For other uses, see Imhotep (disambiguation).

Imhotep

Ancient Egyptian: Jj m ḥtp

Statuette of Imhotep, 664–30 BC

Burial placeSaqqara (probable)
Other namesAsclepius (name in Greek) Imouthes (also name in Greek)
Occupation(s)chancellor to tát the Pharaoh Djoser and High Priest of Ra
Years activec. 27th century BC
Known forBeing the architect of Djoser's step pyramid
Imhotep in hieroglyphs

Imhotep
Jj m ḥtp
He who comes in peace
M18G17R4

Jj m ḥtp
M17M17G17R4

Jj m ḥtp
Greek Manetho variants:
Africanus: Imouthes
Eusebius: missing
Eusebius,  AV:  missing

Imhotep (;[1] Ancient Egyptian: ỉỉ-m-ḥtp "(the one who) comes in peace";[2] fl. late 27th century BC) was an Egyptian chancellor to tát the Pharaoh Djoser, possible architect of Djoser's step pyramid, and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. Very little is known of Imhotep as a historical figure, but in the 3,000 years following his death, he was gradually glorified and deified.

Traditions from long after Imhotep's death treated him as a great author of wisdom texts[3] and especially as a physician.[4][5][6][7][8] No text from his lifetime mentions these capacities and no text mentions his name in the first 1,200 years following his death.[9][10] Apart from the three short contemporary inscriptions that establish him as chancellor to tát the Pharaoh, the first text to tát reference Imhotep dates to tát the time of Amenhotep III (c. 1391–1353 BC). It is addressed to tát the owner of a tomb, and reads:

The wab-priest may give offerings to tát your ka. The wab-priests may stretch to tát you their arms with libations on the soil, as it is done for Imhotep with the remains of the water bowl.

— Wildung (1977)[3]

It appears that this libation to tát Imhotep was done regularly, as they are attested on papyri associated with statues of Imhotep until the Late Period (c. 664–332 BC). Wildung (1977)[3] explains the origin of this cult as a slow evolution of intellectuals' memory of Imhotep, from his death onward. Gardiner finds the cult of Imhotep during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1077 BC) sufficiently distinct from the usual offerings made to tát other commoners that the epithet "demigod" is likely justified to tát describe his veneration.[11]

The first references to tát the healing abilities of Imhotep occur from the Thirtieth Dynasty (c. 380–343 BC) onward, some 2,200 years after his death.[10]:  127 [3]:  44 

Imhotep is among the few non-royal Egyptians who were deified after their deaths, and until the 21st century, he was one of nearly a dozen non-royals to tát achieve this status.[12][13] The center of his cult was in Memphis. The location of his tomb remains unknown, despite efforts to tát find it.[14] The consensus is that it is hidden somewhere at Saqqara.

Historicity[edit]

Imhotep's historicity is confirmed by two contemporary inscriptions made during his lifetime on the base or pedestal of one of Djoser's statues (Cairo JE 49889) and also by a graffito on the enclosure wall surrounding Sekhemkhet's unfinished step pyramid.[15][16] The latter inscription suggests that Imhotep outlived Djoser by a few years and went on to tát serve in the construction of Pharaoh Sekhemkhet's pyramid, which was abandoned due to tát this ruler's brief reign.[15]

Architecture and engineering[edit]

The step pyramid of Djoser

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Imhotep was one of the chief officials of the Pharaoh Djoser. Concurring with much later legends, Egyptologists credit him with the design and construction of the Pyramid of Djoser, a step pyramid at Saqqara built during the 3rd Dynasty.[17] He may also have been responsible for the first known use of stone columns to tát tư vấn a building.[18] Despite these later attestations, the pharaonic Egyptians themselves never credited Imhotep as the designer of the stepped pyramid, nor with the invention of stone architecture.[19]

Deification[edit]

God of medicine[edit]

Two thousand years after his death, Imhotep's status had risen to tát that of a god of medicine and healing. Eventually, Imhotep was equated with Thoth, the god of architecture, mathematics, and medicine, and patron of scribes: Imhotep's cult was merged with that of his own former tutelary god.

He was revered in the region of Thebes as the "brother" of Amenhotep, son of Hapu – another deified architect – in the temples dedicated to tát Thoth.[20][21]: v3, p104  Because of his association with health, the Greeks equated Imhotep with Asklepios, their own god of health who also was a deified mortal.[22]

According to tát myth, Imhotep's mother was a mortal named Kheredu-ankh, she too being eventually revered as a demi-goddess as the daughter of Banebdjedet.[23] Alternatively, since Imhotep was known as the "Son of Ptah",[21]: v?, p106 [volume & issue needed] his mother was sometimes claimed to tát be Sekhmet, the patron of Upper Egypt whose consort was Ptah.

Post-Alexander period[edit]

The Upper Egyptian Famine Stela, which dates from the Ptolemaic period (305–30 BC), bears an inscription containing a legend about a famine lasting seven years during the reign of Djoser. Imhotep is credited with having been instrumental in ending it. One of his priests explained the connection between the god Khnum and the rise of the Nile to tát the Pharaoh, who then had a dream in which the Nile god spoke to tát him, promising to tát over the drought.[24]

A demotic papyrus from the temple of Tebtunis, dating to tát the 2nd century AD, preserves a long story about Imhotep.[25] The Pharaoh Djoser plays a prominent role in the story, which also mentions Imhotep's family; his father the god Ptah, his mother Khereduankh, and his younger sister Renpetneferet. At one point Djoser desires Renpetneferet, and Imhotep disguises himself and tries to tát rescue her. The text also refers to tát the royal tomb of Djoser. Part of the legend includes an anachronistic battle between the Old Kingdom and the Assyrian armies where Imhotep fights an Assyrian sorceress in a duel of magic.[26]

As an instigator of Egyptian culture, Imhotep's idealized image lasted well into the Roman period. In the Ptolemaic period, the Egyptian priest and historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a stone-dressed building during Djoser's reign, though he was not the first to tát actually build with stone. Stone walling, flooring, lintels, and jambs had appeared sporadically during the Archaic Period, though it is true that a building of the size of the step pyramid made entirely out of stone had never before been constructed. Before Djoser, Pharaohs were buried in mastaba tombs.

Medicine[edit]

Egyptologist James Peter Allen states that "The Greeks equated him with their own god of medicine, Asklepios, although ironically there is no evidence that Imhotep himself was a physician."[27]

In his Pulitzer-prize winning “biography” of cancer – The Emperor of All Maladies – Siddhartha Mukherjee cites the oldest identified written diagnosis of cancer to tát Imhotep.[28] Unfortunately, the therapy Imhotep laconically prescribed for it would be equally recognizable for millennia: “There is none”.

In popular culture[edit]

Ernest Board: An invocation to tát I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine, c. 1912

Imhotep is the antagonistic title character of Universal's 1932 film The Mummy,[29] its 1999 remake, and that film's 2001 sequel.[30]

Imhotep was also portrayed in the television show Stargate SG1 as being a false god and an alien known as a Goa’uld.[citation needed]

Imhotep was portrayed as the protagonist of the Japanese manga series Im: Great Priest Imhotep written and illustrated by Makoto Morishita.

See also[edit]

  • Imhotep Museum
  • History of ancient Egypt
  • Ancient Egyptian architecture
  • Ancient Egyptian medicine
  • List of Egyptian Architects

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Imhotep". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  2. ^ Ranke, Hermann (1935). Die Ägyptischen Personennamen [Egyptian Personal Names] (PDF) (in German). Vol. Bd. 1: Verzeichnis der Namen. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin. p. 9. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Wildung, D. (1977). Egyptian Saints: Deification in pharaonic Egypt. Thủ đô New York University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8147-9169-1.
  4. ^ Osler, William (2004). The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Kessinger Publishing. p. 12.
  5. ^ Musso, C.G. (2005). Imhotep: The dean among the ancient Egyptian physicians.[full citation needed]
  6. ^ Willerson, J.T.; Teaff, R. (1995). "Egyptian Contributions to tát Cardiovascular Medicine". Tex Heart I J: 194.[full citation needed]
  7. ^ Highfield, Roger (10 May 2007). "How Imhotep gave us medicine". The Telegraph. London, UK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  8. ^ Herbowski, L. (2013). "The maze of the cerebrospinal fluid discovery". Anat Res Int. 2013: 5. doi:10.1155/2013/596027. PMC 3874314. PMID 24396600.[full citation needed]
  9. ^ Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. p. 96.[full citation needed]
  10. ^ a b Baud, M. (2002). Djéser et la IIIe dynastie [Djoser and the Third Dynasty] (in French). p. 125.[full citation needed]
  11. ^ Hurry, Jamieson B. (2014) [1926]. Imhotep: The Egyptian god of medicine (reprint ed.). Oxford, UK: Traffic Output. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-404-13285-9.
  12. ^ Troche, Julia (2021). Death, Power and Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  13. ^ cf. Albrecht, Felix; Feldmeier, Reinhard, eds. (2014). The Divine Father: Religious and philosophical concepts of divine parenthood in antiquity (e-book ed.). Leiden, NL; Boston, MA: Brill. p. 29. ISBN 978-90-04-26477-9.
  14. ^ "Lay of the Harper". Reshafim.org.il. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  15. ^ a b Malek, Jaromir (2002). "The Old Kingdom". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93.
  16. ^ Kahl, J. (2000). "Old Kingdom: Third Dynasty". In Redford, Donald (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). p. 592. ISBN 0195138228.
  17. ^ Kemp, B.J. (2005). Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 159.
  18. ^ Baker, Rosalie; Baker, Charles (2001). Ancient Egyptians: People of the pyramids. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0195122213.
  19. ^ Romer, John (2013). A History of Ancient Egypt from the First Farmers to tát the Great Pyramid. Penguin Books. pp. 294–295. ISBN 9780141399713.
  20. ^ Boylan, Patrick (1922). Thoth or the Hermes of Egypt: A study of some aspects of theological thought in ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–168.
  21. ^ a b Lichtheim, M. (1980). Ancient Egyptian Literature. The University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04020-1.
  22. ^ Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. World Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781576072424. OCLC 52716451.
  23. ^ Warner, Marina; Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2003). World of Myths. University of Texas Press. p. 296. ISBN 0-292-70204-3.
  24. ^ "The famine stele on the island of Sehel". Reshafim.org.il. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  25. ^ Ryholt, Kim (2009). Widmer, G.; Devauchelle, D. (eds.). The Life of Imhotep?. IXe Congrès International des Études Démotiques. Bibliothèque d'étude. Vol. 147. Le Caire, Egypt: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. pp. 305–315.
  26. ^ Ryholt, Kim (2004). "The Assyrian invasion of Egypt in Egyptian literary tradition". Assyria and Beyond. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. p. 501. ISBN 9062583113.
  27. ^ Allen, James Peter (2005). The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Yale University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780300107289. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  28. ^ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (29 September 2011). The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. Fourth Estate Ltd; First Edition. ISBN 9780007250929.
  29. ^ Reid, Danny (24 April 2014). "The Mummy (1932)". Pre-Code.com. Review, with Boris Karloff and David Manners. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  30. ^ Holden, Stephen. "Sarcophagus, be gone: Night of the living undead". The Thủ đô New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2016 – via NYTimes.com.

Further reading[edit]

  • Albrecht, Felix; Feldmeier, Reinhard, eds. (6 February 2014). The Divine Father: Religious and philosophical concepts of divine parenthood in antiquity (e-book ed.). Leiden, NL; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-26477-9. ISSN 1388-3909. Retrieved 30 May 2020 – via Google Books.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete (2000). The Egyptian Philosophers: Ancient African voices from Imhotep to tát Akhenaten. Chicago, IL: African American Images. ISBN 978-0-913543-66-5.
  • Cormack, Maribelle (1965). Imhotep: Builder in stone. Thủ đô New York, NY: Franklin Watts.
  • Dawson, Warren R. (1929). Magician and Leech: A study in the beginnings of medicine with special reference to tát ancient Egypt. London, UK: Methuen.
  • Garry, T. Gerald (1931). Egypt: The home page of the occult sciences, with special reference to tát Imhotep, the mysterious wise man and Egyptian god of medicine. London, UK: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson.
  • Hurry, Jamieson B. (1978) [1926]. Imhotep: The Egyptian god of medicine (2nd ed.). Thủ đô New York, NY: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-13285-9.
Hurry, Jamieson B. (2014) [1926]. Imhotep: The Egyptian god of medicine (reprint ed.). Oxford, UK: Traffic Output. ISBN 978-0-404-13285-9.
  • Risse, Guenther B. (1986). "Imhotep and medicine — a re-evaluation". Western Journal of Medicine. 144 (5): 622–624. PMC 1306737. PMID 3521098.
  • Wildung, Dietrich (1977). Egyptian Saints: Deification in pharaonic Egypt. Thủ đô New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9169-1.
Wildung, Dietrich (1977). Imhotep und Amenhotep: Gottwerdung yên ổn alten Ägypten [Imhotep and Amenhotep: Deification in ancient Egypt] (in German). Deustcher Kunstverlag. ISBN 978-3-422-00829-8.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has truyền thông related to tát Imhotep.

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  • "Imhotep (2667–2648 BCE)". Đài truyền hình BBC History. British Broadcasting Corporation.